an excessive forward curvature of the thoracic spine (upper back). It is most common in older women, but it can occur in both sexes at any age.

an abnormal curve in the lower, or lumbar, spine, also known as swayback. Some curvature is normal, but an excessive curve can cause back pain.

part of the immune system response to infections, injuries and toxins. Chronic inflammation develops when the immune response occurs even when there is no threat or when the threat has subsided, causing redness, swelling and pain.

rounded, rubbery structures that lie between each vertebra, cushioning the spinal column and allowing it to move. Discs act as shock absorbers for the spine when the body moves.

band of tough, flexible fibrous tissue that connects bones, cartilage or joints. It gives joints support and limits their movement.

the lower spine, made up of five vertebrae that extend from the bottom of the thoracic (mid) spine to the sacrum, which connects the spine to the pelvis. The lumbar spine carries much of the body’s weight, making it vulnerable to injury and lower back pain.

the specialized, precise, high velocity application of pressure by a chiropractor to the spine or other parts of the body to restore alignment and normal motion. Can address various musculoskeletal or neurological interference.

“C”-shaped pad of cartilage in the knee that acts as a shock absorber. Each knee has two menisci. Meniscus tears are common sports injuries that cause pain and difficulty moving.

a term often associated with subluxation, in which the vertebrae are not properly positioned, causing pain and loss of mobility as well as the potential to affect other parts of the body.

low or high velocity, gentle chiropractic adjustment to restore or enhance joint function. It is more limited in its motion than manipulation.